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Summary

  • Science
  • Grades 2-3
  • 164 words
  • Also written for younger readers

A summary is a condensed explanation of an event, story, document, etc.. i.e. “summing up the facts.” They are not constrained to any medium or topics. Not to be confused with abstract, which is a summary of a document. There are many different levels of summarization that can be done. The summarizer may choose any length, but the sumarees may not appreciate anything more than absolutely necessary to get the required facts.

Summaries help to spread information fast. They also help people make decisions on if it is something worth looking further into.

EXAMPLES

A quick “good/bad” can suffice in some situations. In other situations, the summary may rival the length of the original.

“This book was really cool. This guy drives a pickup to work everyday, and has a dangerous job.”

Many scientific journals publish a summary for every large article so people who do not have much time can read the main information quickly without spending too much time reading the article.

Written for younger readers

Summary, in simpler words

This version comes from Wikijunior, a set of books written for children aged 8 to 11. It is shorter and uses plainer language than the article above.

From Wikijunior: Particles

  • Properties of matter

  • Matter must have mass

  • Matter must take up space

  • Different kinds of matter

  • Solids’ shapes cannot be altered, and nor can its volume

  • Liquids’ shapes can be altered, but not its volume

  • Gases’ shapes can be altered, and so can its volume

  • Change of states

  • Solid → Liquid: Melting

  • Happens at a fixed temperature

  • Liquid → Solid: Freezing

  • Happens at a fixed temperature

  • Gas → Liquid: Condensation

  • Does not happen at a fixed temperature

  • Liquid → Gas: Boiling

  • Happens at a fixed temperature

  • Evaporation does not happen at a fixed temperature

  • Matter is made of particles;

  • Particles are infinitesimal, and current scientific instruments cannot see them;

  • Different kinds of particles have different sizes;

  • There must be gaps between particles

  • Particles are always in motion.

  • A common phenomenon observed in particle movement

  • Particles always go to a place of lower density

  • When particles collide, they move in random directions

  • Observed in smoke cells

  • Discovered by Robert Brown

  • In 1827

  • While observing pollen grains

  • A model that mimics the movement of particles

  • Can explain:

  • The three states of matter

  • Gas pressure

  • Density

  • Thermal expansion and contraction

  • Heat makes particles move more vigorously

  • Solid

  • Particles cannot move freely

  • Particles only vibrate in fixed positions

  • Particles take on a fixed shape

  • Liquid

  • Particles do not take on a fixed shape; their shape depends on that of their container

  • Particles have a fixed volume

  • Particles can slide over one another

  • Particles do not move as freely as those in gas

  • Gas

  • Particles move freely in all directions

  • The shape and volume depend on that of the container

  • Refers to the pressure exerted on a surface by gas

  • Measured

  • in Pascals, or ‘Pa’

  • With a Bourdon gauge or pressure sensor

  • Appears in air, in which case it’s called air or atmospheric pressure

  • Vacuum

  • Absence of air

  • Magdeburg hemispheres

  • Two hollow hemispheres form an empty sphere

  • The hemispheres cannot be separated

  • The air pressure on the outside greatly exceeds that of the inside

  • \text{Density} = \frac{\text{Mass}}{\text{Volume}}

  • If an object is submerged in a liquid or gas, it:

  • Floats if its density is less than that of the liquid or gas

  • Sinks if its density is more than that of the liquid or gas

  • Density of water = 1

  • Hot-air balloons

  • There is an engine in the balloon

  • As the engine is heated, the particles inside the balloon move more and are therefore further apart

  • As density of the air inside the balloon deceases, it floats.

  • Ships

  • The overall density of ships are under that of the water because there is a lot of air inside

  • Submarines

  • Whether it is submerged or surfaced depends on the ballast tank

  • When the ballast tank is filled with seawater, it sinks

  • When the water is pumped out, it surfaces

  • Particles move more vigorously when heated, and are further apart as a result

  • This makes the object larger, or expands

  • When they are cooled, the particles move less vigorously and are closer together

  • The object is made smaller, or contracts

  • Bimetallic strips

  • Made of two metal strips composed of different metals

  • The metals do not expand to the same extent

  • The strip bends when heated as a result

  • Used in

  • Thermostats

  • The connection is cut off when an appliance is too hot

  • The bimetallic strip in the appliance expands and therefore no longer completes the circuit

  • Fire alarm

  • The circuit is closed when the fire alarm is too hot

  • This makes the alarm ring because the built-in bimetallic strip completes the circuit

Where this page comes from

The article above is adapted from “Summary” on Simple English Wikipedia, by its contributors. We removed reference markers, navigation boxes and tables, expanded measurement templates into readable numbers, and kept the prose otherwise intact. The simpler version is adapted from Wikijunior on Wikibooks.

Both sources are published under CC BY-SA 4.0, so this page is published under the same licence. You may share and adapt it, including commercially, as long as you credit the original and keep the same licence.

Worksheets, answer keys and printable layouts elsewhere on K5Print are our own work and are not covered by this licence.